Creation

2010-07-18T11:56:00.000-07:00

Creation

2009-07-10T17:19:00.001-07:00

In the blog titled "Should Intelligent design be taught in schools " I briefly overview some of the material covered in Origin of the Universe and Creation in addition to the "Proof of God"

And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.

2008-06-22T13:43:00.000-07:00

And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.

God stretcheth out the north over the empty place, and hangeth the earth upon nothing.

2008-06-20T07:57:00.001-07:00

Job 26:7

God stretcheth out the north over the empty place, and hangeth the earth upon nothing.

Abiogenesis ?

2008-06-12T11:51:00.000-07:00

And God said, Let the "waters" bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life,

And God said, Let the "earth" bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so

Design

2008-06-12T10:58:00.001-07:00

In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.

2008-06-11T12:27:00.001-07:00

In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.

And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.

And God said, Let there be light: and there was light

Introduction to the Cyclic Universe

2008-06-11T12:25:00.000-07:00

http://www.actionbioscience.org/newfrontiers/steinhardt.html

The Endless Universe: Introduction to the Cyclic Universe
Paul J. Steinhardt
An update of a previously published paper
articlehighlights
The author proposes an alternative model to the "Big Bang" theory of
the Universe, suggesting that:

space and time may have always existed in an endless cycle of
expansion and rebirth
the expansion of the universe is accelerating, as astronomers have
recently observed
after trillions of years, expansion stalls, new matter and radiation
is created, and the cycle restarts
read articlelearn moreget involvededucator resourcesMay 2002
Editor's Note: The Cyclic Universe model does not replace the Big
Bang theory but offers a potential alternative to certain aspects of
the Big Bang that are longstanding problems. Some scientists are
excited about its potential while others are cautious or skeptical.
The Cyclic Universe model incorporates concepts from standard
physics, string theory, and M-theory. For anyone who has ever
wondered what lies beyond the Universe, the Cyclic Universe model may
provide some answers.

The big bang/inflationary model
Big Bang: the Universe expanded about 15 billion years ago to seed
the formation of galaxies.Over the last century, cosmologists have
converged on a highly successful theory of the evolution of the
Universe — the big bang/inflationary picture.1 According to this
picture:

space and time sprung into being 15 billion years ago in a `big bang'
when the Universe emerged, it was filled with particles and radiation
of nearly infinite temperature and density
instants later, the Universe underwent a period of extraordinarily
rapid, superluminal expansion (`inflation') which made the Universe
homogeneous and flat and which created fluctuations that seeded the
formation of galaxies and large-scale structure
The concept of "dark energy" is intended to explain the fact that
expansion of the universe is accelerating.In the last decades,
cosmological observations have supported the predictions of the big
bang and inflationary theory in exquisite detail.1,5 They have also
provided one major surprise. It appears that, billions of years after
the big bang, following the formation of galaxies, the Universe was
overtaken by some form of dark energy that is causing the expansion
rate to accelerate. Although dark energy was unanticipated and has no
particular role in the big bang/inflationary picture, the general
view has been that it can simply be added by fiat to the initial make-
up of the Universe. There is no compelling reason for a new
theoretical approach. Quite the contrary, many cosmologists regard
the basic cosmic story as being settled.

The cyclic universe model
Cyclic Universe: The Big Bang was not the beginning of time because
the universe undergoes endless cycles of evolution in infinite space
and time.In this context, a new paradigm has been recently proposed
by Paul Steinhardt (Princeton) and Neil Turok (Cambridge) —the cyclic
universe— that turns the conventional picture topsy-turvy.2 (Perhaps
the model should be called an old paradigm since it reinvigorates
ancient cosmic mythologies and philosophies, albeit using the tools
of 21st century physics.) In this picture:

space and time exist forever

the big bang is not the beginning of time; rather, it is a bridge to
a pre-existing contracting era

the Universe undergoes an endless sequence of cycles in which it
contracts in a big crunch and re-emerges in an expanding big bang,
with trillions of years of evolution in between

the temperature and density of the universe do not become infinite at
any point in the cycle; indeed, they never exceed a finite bound
(about a trillion trillion degrees)

no inflation has taken place since the big bang; the current
homogeneity and flatness were created by events that occurred before
the most recent big bang

the seeds for galaxy formation were created by instabilities arising
as the Universe was collapsing towards a big crunch, prior to our big
bang

The new model provides insight into some questions unanswered by the
Big Bang theory.The prospects for an alternative cosmology that is so
different from the well-established convention would seem extremely
dim. Yet, the cyclic model recoups all of the successful predictions
of the big bang/inflationary theory and has sufficient additional
predictive power to address many questions which the big
bang/inflationary model does not address at all:

What occurred at the initial singularity?
What is the ultimate fate of the Universe?
What is the role of dark energy and the recently observed cosmic
acceleration?
Does time, and the arrow of time, exist before the big bang? or after
the big crunch?
New matter is created during the transition from big crunch to big
bang.In the new paradigm, each cycle proceeds through a period of
radiation and matter domination consistent with standard cosmology,
producing the observed primordial abundance of elements, the cosmic
microwave background, the expansion of galaxies, etc. For the next
trillion years or more, the Universe undergoes a period of slow
cosmic acceleration (as detected in recent observations1), which
ultimately empties the Universe of all of the entropy and black holes
produced in the preceding cycle and triggers the events that lead to
contraction and a big crunch. Note that dark energy is not simply
added on — it plays an essential role. The transition from big crunch
to big bang automatically replenishes the Universe by creating new
matter and radiation. Gravity and the transition from big crunch to
big bang keep the cycles going forever. In fact, as will be
discussed, the cyclic behavior is a strong attractor. That is, even
if the Universe were disrupted from its periodic behavior, it would
rapidly reconverge to the cyclic solution.

Superstring theory: the Universe contains nine or ten spatial
dimensions.Superstring theory and the cyclic universe
The linchpin to the new paradigm is the transition from big crunch to
big bang. The transition was thought to be an impossible passage in
which the laws of physics blow up. However, recent developments in
superstring theory suggest that the cosmic singularity is otherwise,
as the two authors have argued in a recent paper with Justin Khoury
(Princeton), Burt Ovrut (Penn) and Nathan Seiberg (IAS).3 Superstring
theory relies on the idea that the Universe contains nine or ten
spatial dimensions, depending on the formulation, all but three of
which are curled up in a compact manifold of microscopic size. In
this framework, the big bang and big crunch may be an illusion.
Expressed in the usual variables of general relativity, it may appear
that our usual space and time are disappearing. However, viewed with
the proper variables, our usual space dimensions actually remain
infinite and time runs continuously. The transition from big crunch
to big bang is due, instead, to the collapse, bounce and re-expansion
of one of the extra dimensions. For example, in a variant known as M
theory:

the Universe consists of two branes (surfaces) bounding an extra
dimension, and the singularity corresponds to a collision and bounce
of the two branes
the temperature and density of ordinary radiation and matter remain
finite at the bounce, and particles move continuously in a natural
and intuitive way
Conclusion: The Cyclic Universe model's advantages include predictive
power for the future course of the universe.New cosmological
possibilities
If superstring theory is proven to dispel the myth that the big bang
is the beginning of time, then it opens up new possibilities for the
cosmological history of the Universe. Six months ago, the "ekpyrotic
model"4 was proposed by Khoury, Ovrut, Steinhardt and Turok as one
new possibility based on the idea of making a universe from a single
collapse of the extra dimension. The cyclic model builds on lessons
learned from the ekpyrotic example to produce a picture with
remarkable predictive and explanatory power.

Paul J. Steinhardt, Ph.D. An update by the author of a
previously published paper from his personal web page. See reprint
policy.

Paul J. Steinhardt, Ph.D., is a theoretical physicist in the
departments of Physics and Astrophysical Sciences at Princeton
University. His research spans problems in cosmology, astrophysics,
particle physics and condensed matter physics. He is a leading expert
on inflationary cosmology and other events in the very early
universe. His work led to the first inflationary models for the
universe, to the discovery that inflation can seed galaxy formation,
and to new observational tests. He also introduced the concept of
quasicrystals and pioneered the study of their structural and elastic
properties. Prior to his position at Princeton, Dr. Steinhardt served
as the Mary Amanda Word Professor of Physics at the University of
Pennsylvania. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, a
Fellow of the American Physics Society, and a member of the American
Astronomical Society.
http://www.physics.princeton.edu/www /jh/research/steinhardt_paul.html

"The cyclic universe model
Cyclic Universe: The Big Bang was not the beginning of time because
the universe undergoes endless cycles of evolution in infinite space
and time.In this context, a new paradigm has been recently proposed
by Paul Steinhardt (Princeton) and Neil Turok (Cambridge) —the cyclic
universe— that turns the conventional picture topsy-turvy.2 (Perhaps
the model should be called an old paradigm since it reinvigorates
ancient cosmic mythologies and philosophies, albeit using the tools
of 21st century physics.)

These ancient cosmic mythologies and philosophies are the hindu
conceptions of Yuga's.....

Mayan

2008-06-10T19:05:00.000-07:00

Maya mythology refers to the pre-Columbian Maya civilization's extensive polytheistic religious beliefs. These beliefs had most likely been long-established by the time the earliest-known distinctively Maya monuments had been built and inscriptions depicting their deities recorded, considerably pre-dating the 1st millennium BC[citation needed]. Over the succeeding millennia this intricate and multi-faceted system of beliefs was extended, varying to a degree between regions and time periods, but maintaining also an inherited tradition and customary observances. The Maya shared many traditions and rituals with the other civilizations and cultures in the Mesoamerican region, both preceding and contemporary societies, and in general the entire region formed an interrelated mosaic of belief systems and conceptions on the nature of the world and human existence. However, the various Maya peoples over time developed a unique and continuous set of traditions which are particularly associated with their societies, and their achievements.

Despite the ca. early 10th century "Terminal collapse", during which Maya monument construction and inscription recording effectively ceased over large areas and many centers were subsequently abandoned, the Maya peoples themselves endured and continued to maintain their assorted beliefs and traditions. The maintenance of these traditions can be seen in the relics and products of those centers which flourished during the Post-Classic phase, such as in the northern Yucatán Peninsula, occasionally combined with other influences more characteristic of the Gulf coast and central Mexican regions. Although the southern lowland and highland Maya regions of present-day Guatemala saw very little further monument building during this period, the maintenance of traditional beliefs among the local Maya is attested by the accounts and reports of the 16th and 17th century Spanish.

Though the Spanish conquest interrupted the Mayan tradition of elite literacy and destroyed the large majority of Mayan codices, the stories and traditions of the Maya continued to be handed down to succeeding generations, albeit much influenced and restricted by the influx of European practices and beliefs, Roman Catholicism in particular. Many Maya have experienced considerable persecution for their beliefs and political oppression over the centuries since the first European arrivals; although there can be no doubt that Maya society and tradition has undergone substantial change, many Maya people today maintain an identity which is very much informed by their collective history, traditions and beliefs– a heritage which is distinctively Maya even where substantially combined with the widespread adoption of Christianity. Modern Mayan oral traditions are often referred to as Maya folklore to distinguish them from the pre-Columbian literate mythology.

Apart from epigraphy on monuments (which deal primarily with commemorations and dynastic successions), only three complete Maya texts and fragments of a fourth are known to have survived into the present day. The majority of the Maya codices were burned by Europeans like Bishop Diego de Landa during their conquest of Mesoamerica and subsequent efforts to convert the Maya peoples to Christianity. Available knowledge of Maya mythology, as such, is rather limited. What is known is drawn largely from 16th - 17th century accounts of post-conquest Maya beliefs and traditions, which do not necessarily correspond with the traditions which were maintained in earlier times.

In common with other Mesoamerican civilizations, each of the cardinal (or world-) directions were ascribed certain properties and associations. These attributes held a particular significance, and they provided one of the major frameworks which interlinked much of Maya religion and cosmology. The Maya world-view recognized the four primary compass directions, and each of these was consistently associated with a particular color— east with red, north with white, west with black and south with yellow. These associations and their respective glyphs are attested from at least the Early Classic period, and also figure markedly in the Postclassic Maya codices.

A fifth 'direction', the "center", also formed a part of this scheme. Associated with a blue-green color, this was most frequently represented by a great ceiba tree, conceptualized as the "world tree" or "tree of life". In Maya cosmology this formed a kind of axis mundi which connected the Earth's center with the layers of both the underworld and the heavens. It is believed that living ceiba trees were maintained at the center of many pre-Columbian Maya settlements in symbolic representation of this connection, and possibly one was placed at each of the four cardinal directions as well.

Maya deities each displayed different aspects based on these five directions as well as a number of other natural and symbolic cycles observed by the Maya.

Maya deities also had dualistic natures associating them with day or night, life or death. There were thirteen gods of the thirteen heavens of the Maya religion and nine gods of the nine underworlds. Between the upperworlds of the heavens and the underworlds of the night and death was the earthly plane which is often shown in Maya art as a two-headed caiman or a turtle lying in a great lake. Natural elements, stars and planets, numbers, crops, days of the calendar and periods of time all had their own gods. The gods' characters, malevolence or benevolence, and associations changed according to the days in the Maya calendar or the positions of the sun, moon, Venus, and the stars.

The Quiché Maya creation story is outlined in the Popol Vuh. This has the world created from nothing by the will of the Maya pantheon of gods. Man was made unsuccessfully out of mud and then wood before being made out of maize and being assigned tasks which praised the gods — silversmith, gem cutter, stone carver, potter, etc. Some argue this story adds credence to the belief that the Maya did not believe in art per se; all of their works were for the exaltation of the gods.

After the creation story, the Popol Vuh tells of the struggles of the legendary hero twins, Hunahpu and Ixbalanque, in defeating the lords of Xibalba, the underworld. The twins descend into the underworld, perish, and are eventually miraculously reborn. This myth provides a metaphor for the agricultural cycle and the annual rebirth of the crops. These two stories are focal points of Maya mythology and often found depicted in Maya art.

Creation Story
In Maya mythology, Tepeu and Gukumatz (also known as Kukulcan, and as the Aztec's Quetzalcoatl) are referred to as the Creators, the Makers, and the Forefathers. They were two of the first beings to exist and were said to be as wise as sages. Huracan, or the Heart of Heaven, also existed and is given less personification. He acts more like a storm, of which he is the god.

Tepeu and Gucumatz hold a conference and decide that, in order to preserve their legacy, they must create a race of beings who can worship them. Huracan does the actual creating while Tepeu and Gucumatz guide the process. Earth is created, but the gods make several false starts in setting humanity upon the earth. Animals were created first; however, with all of their howling and squawking they did not worship their creators and were thus banished forever to the forest. Man is created first of mud, but they just dissolved and crumbled away. Other gods are summoned and man is next created of wood but has no soul, and they soon forgot their makers, so the gods turned all of their possessions against them and bring a black resinous rain down on their heads. Finally man is formed of masa or corn dough by even more gods and their work is complete. As such, the Maya believed that maize was not just the cornerstone of their diet, but they were also made out of it.

Maya gods and supernatural beings

PV=Popol Vuh, L=Landa

Ah Puch - god of Death
Bacab - Aged thunder deity carrying the earth and/or sky (L).
Chaac - god of Rain and Thunder
Camazotz - Bat god, tries to kill the Hero Twins (PV).
Gukumatz - Snake god and creator (PV).
Hunahpu - One of the Maya Hero Twins (PV).
Huracan - Storm and fire god, one of the creator deities (PV).
Ixbalanque - One of the Maya Hero Twins (PV).
Ixchel - Aged jaguar goddess of midwifery (L).
Ixtab - goddess of suicide (L).
Zipacna - Underworld demon (PV).

Bacabs
The Bacabs were four brothers, the sons of Itzamnaaj and Chak Chel. A creator god placed these skybearers at the four corners of the universe. Because each stands at one of the four cardinal directions, each is associated with a color, and also with a specific segment in the Maya calendar.

Hobnil - bacab of the east, is assigned the color red and the Kan years.
Can Tzicnal - bacab of the north, is assigned the color white, and the Muluc years.
Zac Cimi - bacab of the west, is assigned the color black and the Ix years.
Hozanek - bacab of the south, is assigned the color yellow and the Cauac years.
References to the Bacabs are found in the 'Relación de las Cosas de Yucatán', of the sixteenth-century bishop, Diego de Landa, and in various Yucatec 'Books of Chilam Balam'. The four brothers were intimately associated with the four Chaacs, or rain deities. In the Yucatán, the Maya of Chan Kom referred to the four skybearers as the four Chacs. Like many other deities, the Bakabs were important in divination ceremonies, being approached with questions about crops, weather, or the health of bees. Their counterparts among the Huaxtecs (the Mamlab) were also thunder gods.

First Humans
According to the Quiche tradition of the Popol Vuh, the names of the first ancestors were as follows.

Men
B'alam Agab
Meaning "night jaguar," he was the second of the men created from maize after the Great Flood sent by Hurakan. He married Choimha.
B'alam Quitze
Meaning "jaguar with the sweet smile," was the first of the men created from maize after the Great Flood sent by Hurakan. The gods created Caha-Paluma specifically for him to marry. Alternative names: Balam Quitze, Balam Quitzé
Iqi B'alam
Meaning "moon jaguar," he was the third of the men created from maize after the Great Flood sent by Hurakan. The gods created Cakixia specifically to be his wife.
Mahucatah
Meaning "distinguished name," he was the fourth of the men created from maize after the Great Flood sent by Hurakan. The woman Tzununiha was created just for him.

Wives
Caha-Paluma
Meaning "falling water," she was a woman created specifically to be the wife of Balam-Quitzé.
Cakixia
Meaning "water of parrots," she was a woman created specifically to be the wife of Iqi-Balam.
Choimha
Meaning "beautiful water", she was a woman created by the gods specifically to marry B'alam Agab.
Tzununiha
Meaning "house of the water," she was a woman created specifically to be the wife of one of the first men, Mahucatah.

Locations
Metnal
The lowest and most horrible of the nine hells of the underworld. It was ruled by Ah Puch. Ritual healers would intone healing prayers banishing diseases to Metnal.
Xibalba
Also known as Xibalbá or Xibalbay, is a dangerous underworld ruled by the demons Vucub Caquix and Hun Came. The road to it is said to be steep, thorny and very forbidding. Much of the Popol Vuh describes the adventures of the Maya Hero Twins in their struggle with the evil lords of Xibalba.

HINDU

2008-06-10T19:00:00.001-07:00

Hindu cosmology

According to Hindu mythology, the universe is cyclically created and destroyed. The life span of Brahma, the creator, is 120 divine years (Mahakalpamu). Everyday, Brahma creates 14 Manus one after the other, who in turn create and regulate the world. Thus, there are fourteen generations of Manu in one day (Kalpamu) of Brahma. Each Manu’s life (Manvantaramu) consists of 71 quartets of eras. Each quartet is composed of four eras: Krita, Treta, Dvapara and Kali. The span of Krita era is 1,728,000 human years, Treta era is 1,296,000 human years, Dvapara era is 864,000 human years and Kali era is 432,000 human years. When Manu perishes at the end of his life, Brahma creates the next Manu and the cycle continues until all fourteen Manus and the Universe perish by the end of the day. When night falls, Brahma goes to sleep for a period of time equal to fourteen lives of Manus. The next morning, he begins the creation with first Manu again. The cycle goes on for 100 divine years at the end of which Brahma himself perishes and is regenerated.

The present period is the Kaliyuga or last era of the seventh Manu’s life. According to Aryabhata, the Kaliyuga began in 3102 BC, at the end of the Dvapara era that was marked by the disappearance of Vishnu's Krishna avatar. Aryabhata's date is widely repeated in modern Hinduism.

The beginning of the new Yugamu (era) is known as "Yugadi/Ugadi", and is celebrated every year on the first day (Paadyami) of the first month (Chaitramu) of the 12-month annual cycle.

The Ugadi of 1999 begins the year 1921 of the Salivahana era (5101 Kali Era, 1999 AD). The end of the Kali Era is 426,899 years from this year in the beginning of the new Krita era of the 8th Manu's life.

Creation of the Universe

In the Vedas
The Nasadiya Sukta of the Rigveda describes the origin of the universe.

The Rig Veda's view of the cosmos also sees one true divine principle self-projecting as the divine word, Vaak, 'birthing' the cosmos that we know, from the monistic Hiranyagarbha or Golden Womb[original research?]. The Hiranyagarbha is alternatively viewed as Brahma, the creator who was in turn created by God, or as God (Brahman) himself. The universe maintained by Vishnu (The god of presence) and destroyed by Shiva (The god of destruction). These three constitute the holy trinity of the Hindu religion. Once the universe has been destoyed by Shiva, Brahma starts the creation once again. This creation-destruction cycle is called Yuga which is the highest measuring unit of time in the Hindu religion.

Most of present day physics, believes that the world started off with the Big Bang. To ask questions like "What was there before the Big Bang?" or "What happened 1 year before the Big Bang started?" are considered as irrelevant questions, because Time and Matter, became extant only when the Big Bang started. Thus in most senses, the Rig Veda in the above mentioned verses, conveys the same idea. The idea of the non-existence of Time or Matter. And in some ways it goes further, as it also mentions non-existence of a Creator, i.e. "What caused the Big Bang?" also becomes an irrelevant question.

In The Puranas
The later puranic view asserts that the universe is created, destroyed, and re-created in an eternally repetitive series of cycles. In Hindu cosmology, a universe endures for about 4,320,000 years (one day of Brahma, the creator or kalpa) and is then destroyed by fire or water elements. At this point, Brahma rests for one night, just as long as the day. This process, named pralaya (Cataclysm), repeats for 100 Brahma years (311 trillion human years) that represents Brahma's lifespan. It must be noted that Brahma is the creator but not necessarily regarded as God in Hinduism. He is mostly regarded as a creation of God / Brahman.

We are currently believed to be in the 51st year of the present Brahma and so about 155 trillion years have elapsed since He was born as Brahma. After Brahma's "death", it is necessary that another 100 Brahma years pass until he is reborn and the whole creation begins anew. This process is repeated again and again, forever.

Brahma's life is divided in one thousand cycles (Maha Yuga, or the Great Year). Maha Yuga, during which life, including the human race appears and then disappears, has 71 divisions, each made of 14 Manvantara (1000) years. Each Maha Yuga lasts for 4,320,000 years. Manvantara is Manu's cycle, the one who gives birth and governs the human race.

Each Maha Yuga consists of a series of four shorter yugas, or ages. The yugas get progressively worse from a moral point of view as one proceeds from one yuga to another. As a result each yuga is of shorter duration than the age that preceded it. The current Kali Yuga (Iron Age) began at midnight 17 February / 18 February in 3102 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar.

It is prophesied in legend that six kings in Kali yuga will create new eras (Shaka's) which will be named after them. Hence, these kings may be called the "Shake-karta" or "era-creator" kings. These six kings are:

Yudhishthira (Dharmaraja):- Ruled in Indraprastha and started his own calendar dating in the year 3,102 B.C (Before Jesus Christ or Christian or current Roman calendar dating). He was the elder brother of Pandavas of the great Indian war of Mahabharata. His dating continued for 3,044 years until king Vikrama, the second Shakkarta king broke it and started his own dating or the new Shaka.
King Vikrama:- Ruled in Ujjaini city (Present day Ujjain city in Madhya Pradesh state of India) in the year 57 B.C. He started his own calendar dating by breaking the old Yudhishthira Shaka. But his dating was continued only for 135 years as the third Shakakarta king King Shalivahan at Paithan city in Maharashtra state near by Aurangabad city came in power and broke the running Vikrama Shaka. Although in north India still the Vikrama Shaka is running, it is said that some kind of understanding or truce was fixed up between these two great kings to continue both the calendar in their respective areas or nations.
King Shalivahana(Gautamiputra Satkarni):- Ruled in the old city Paithan of Maharashtra state in the year 78 A.D., that is after 78 years later Jesus Christ or the Christian dating started. This king is mentioned in old Christian books as it is written that King Shalivahan had met the founder of Christian religion, The Jesus Christ himself on a trip to great Himalayan mountains. His Shaka will continue for 18,000 years that is for Eighteen thousand years. That comes to in the year 18,078 this Shalivahan Shaka will be broken, discontinued by the next coming Shakakarta king and his name is King Vijayabhinandan, who will happened on the banks of the river of Vaitarna in Thane district of near Mumbai city of Maharashtra state. Shalivahana belonged to the "Satavahana" dynasty.[citation needed]
King Vijayabhinandan (coming):- This great king's era will begin on the banks of river Vaitarna probably in Thane district of Maharashtra state. This place is near the Bombay alias Mumbai city. And the river Vaitarna flows in Thane district of Maharashtra state. He will break the King Shalivahan Shaka and start his own Shaka or the calendar dating. This is a kind or prophecy of Hindu religion. The epoch of this king Vijayabhinandan's era will occur in year 18,078 A.D or after Jesus Christ. His Shaka will run, continue for 10,000 years. That does mean that in the year 28,078 A.D after Jesus Christ his Shaka or dating will be broken, discontinued by the next Shakakarta king Nagarjuna who will happen in the West Bengal state of India. As this king Vijayabhinandan is to happen in the region of Maharshtra it is certain that he will be from Maharashtra.[citation needed]
King Nagarjuna (coming):- He will be the fifth great Shkakarta king of Kali yuga. His era will happen, appear in Bangal state of India in the year 28,078 A.D. He will terminate the shaka or calendar of Vijayabhinandan and start his own calendar or shaka and that will continue for 400,000 years afterward. This Nagarjuna has the most long running calendar in Kaliyuga Shaka dating.[citation needed]
King Kalki (coming):- He is the last and final shakakarta king of the Kali yuga. As Hindu religion has predicted that there are ten Avatar of lord Vishnu, this king Kalki is the tenth and final avatar of that series. He is the final avatara who will end the present Kali yuga and again start the cycle if yuga that is the Satya yuga will be started after this grand termination. Hindu religion has prediction that he will come on a white horse. This Kalki avatar will happen, appear in the region of Kolhapur of Maharashtra state in India. He will end the then running shaka of Nagarjuna and start his own shaka or dating or calendar in the year 428,078 A.D. His calendar or shaka will run for 821 years.